Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgia Encephalomyelitis (ME), is characterized by severe, persistent fatigue lasting more than six months, which is not alleviated by rest and significantly reduces previous levels of activity (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria require the presence of post-exertional malaise (PEM), unrefreshing sleep, and either cognitive impairment or orthostatic intolerance (CDC, 2023).

The aetiology of CFS/ME is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, infections, immune system dysfunction, endocrine system abnormalities, and psychological factors (MSD Manuals, 2023; Verywell Health, 2023). Pathogenesis includes neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and gut microbiome alterations (Oxford Academic, 2023; Springer, 2023).

Effective symptom management includes pacing and energy management, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), symptom-specific medications, diet and nutrition, physical therapy, sleep hygiene, stress management, support systems, assistive devices, and regular medical check-ups (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2023; National et al. [NHS], 2023; Verywell Health, 2023; Sleep Foundation, 2023).

Rehabilitation focuses on pacing and energy management, CBT, graded exercise therapy (GET), symptom management, psychological support, and a multidisciplinary approach (NICE, 2023; BMJ, 2023). Emerging therapies like neuromodulation and ongoing pharmacological research are also being explored (Cambridge et al., 2023).

Dr. Vaidya Bala is a Medical Co-Director for Population and Public Health at the Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District Hospitals and a Senior Staff Specialist in Rehabilitation Medicine at The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. He is pursuing a Population Health Doctorate at Campbell University, NC, USA. He has published 12 papers in international peer-reviewed journals and presented at various international conferences since 2005.He is currently an examiner with the Royal Australasian College of Physicians for the Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and a Senior lecturer at the University of Wollongong.