Structural materials, primarily designed to transmit or support forces, can be crafted from metals, ceramics, polymers, or a combination of these materials. These materials find applications in various fields, such as transportation (planes and automobiles), construction (buildings and roads), bodily protection (helmets and body armor), energy production (turbine blades), and microelectronics. The study and technology focused on metals and alloys is termed metallurgy. It encompasses the science of metal manufacturing, metal technology, and metal engineering, all integral to the fabrication of metals and the engineering of metal components for consumer and industrial goods.